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食管癌

ID: ANH13112chis
医疗动画文字记录:食管癌是一种始于食管的疾病。食管是一条肌肉管,食物通过食管从口腔进入到胃。食管内壁扁平、薄的细胞被称为鳞状细胞。在表皮下,当旧的鳞状细胞磨损时,细胞分裂并变平,产生新的鳞状细胞。如果你患有胃食管反流病(GERD),经常会有胃酸从胃反流到食管。随着时间的推移,胃食管反流病可能会导致下食管内壁的鳞状细胞被腺细胞取代,这种腺细胞会产生黏液,称为杯状细胞。食管内壁的这种变化称为巴雷特食管。一种称为腺癌的食管癌可能发生在巴雷特食管内壁的改变。另一种食管癌叫做鳞状细胞癌,发生在食管的鳞状细胞中。就像所有的癌症一样,这两种类型的癌症都始于细胞内受损或异常的遗传物质导致它们生长失控。当异常细胞开始繁殖时,肿瘤就形成了。随着时间的推移,肿瘤生长,食管壁可能会形成一个肿块。在食管癌的早期可能没有任何症状。之后,当肿瘤大到足以阻塞部分食管时,可能会有吞咽困难。吞咽困难可能会导致进食困难。因此,你可能会在短时间内体重减轻。根据肿瘤生长的位置,也可能会有胸部或颈部疼痛。如果你患有食管癌,医生可能会建议以下一种或多种手术、化疗和放疗。手术是食管癌最常见的治疗方法,尤其是在肿瘤很小的早期阶段。如果你做了手术,医生会切除含有肿瘤的食管部分,以及肿瘤上方和下方的一些正常组织。手术可能包括切除一部分胃。剩下的正常食管和胃会相互附着。医生也可能切除附近的淋巴结,以查看癌细胞是否已经扩散到它们。医生可能会建议化疗作为晚期肿瘤的主要治疗方法,或者在手术前缩小肿瘤。化疗使用药物通过阻止或减缓癌细胞的生长来阻止癌细胞的扩散。医生可能会建议放疗,比如除了化疗之外的体外放射治疗。放疗会损伤并杀死食管癌细胞。一些常见的降低食管癌风险的方法包括积极治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)、戒烟和避免饮酒。

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